| Suitable devices | Bluetooth direct: Wearables, measuring instruments, portable or close-range devices | Wi-Fi / cloud: Home appliances, ventilation and HVAC equipment, plugged-in fixed devices | Gateway: Many sensors, low-power nodes, multiple units on one site |
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| Control away from home | Bluetooth direct: No, the phone must be near the device | Wi-Fi / cloud: Yes, remote control through the cloud | Gateway: Yes, the gateway connects to the cloud |
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| Power use | Bluetooth direct: Low, suits battery power | Wi-Fi / cloud: Higher, usually needs mains power | Gateway: Nodes are low-power; the gateway needs mains power |
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| Cloud required | Bluetooth direct: Not always; data can stay on the phone first | Wi-Fi / cloud: Yes | Gateway: Yes |
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| Development focus | Bluetooth direct: Pairing flow, reconnection, compatibility across phone brands | Wi-Fi / cloud: Provisioning flow, account and device binding, remote control and push | Gateway: Gateway-to-node protocol, data handling for many devices |
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| Common issues | Bluetooth direct: Unstable connections on some phones, OS permission changes | Wi-Fi / cloud: Provisioning fails because of home network settings | Gateway: When the gateway goes offline, the whole site goes offline |
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